A little bit of Knowledge is dangerous. To show off one's meager/scanty knowledge is ridiculous and despicable. Whenever one writes or pontificates on a certain subject/topic, one runs a risk of making a fool of himself if one isn't an expert on the subject/topic. Having written the above caveat, I must state at the very outset that I know very little of the subjects/topics listed in the subject heading, but I do know that I know more than an average layman who tens to unwittingly make a fool of himself by audaciously opining on them. In the next half an hour I will try to touch on them in the form of bullet points, more as an invitation for further discussion than a definite point of view.
1. Soul and Consciousness are value-laden terms, meaning different things to different people and whether they are synonymous, depending on their level of education and what kind of school of thought they are comfortable with. I must say that scientists have studied Consciousness for quite a while. Recently, philosophers, notably David Chalmers, have investigated it rigorously.
2. Soul is the term most people are more comfortable because they have heard it bandied about in places of worship or talked about in religious scriptures. Most people fancy that they know what Soul is and hold fast to a notion that it will live on even if their physical body perishes. A few subscribe to a view that Soul is just heightened self-awareness and contingent on the functioning of a physical body. Further, these few people (followers of physicalism/materialism, among whom Patricia Churchland is a vigorous proponent) think that we cannot understand the so-called Soul or Consciousness without having a firm knowledge of the Brain.
3. What some common folks describe as identical peaceful near-death experiences, with white lights and out-of-body experiences can be explained by the fact that in certain conditions, the human brain all give off these illusions/sensations. Please see quite voluminous scientific explanations of these phenomena on the Net. Those humans who are still in awe when hearing of or experiencing these phenomena are simply suffering from Ignorance and not in touch with scientific knowledge.
From time to time we humans have auditory or visual hallucinations brought on by stress or organic brain injury. We can also purposely experience these hallucinations if ingesting hallucinatory substances found in nature (certain mushrooms or peyotes or leaves) or synthesized in the labs.
I once had a visual hallucination after my father died of cancer at a relatively young age. His death was a shock to everybody in my family. For about a week after his death, I kept seeing hm sitting in his favorite armchair, looking straight at me. Fortunately, I was already quite well-read by then, and knew I was simply having an episode of visual hallucination because of stress so I was not scared and I didn't tell anybody in my family because I didn't want to cause Fear.
We can also will/convince ourselves that we hear and see things and people if we so desire. The human mind is a remarkable phenomenon. It is both a healer and a slayer, depending on our attitude and knowledge.
4. There are some areas of aptitude like Language, Music, and Math in which certain people are especially endowed because the neural wirings of the sections responsible for these attitudes are somehow very dense and complex than those of mere mortals. I fancy that in my brain, the neural wiring responsible for language acquisition and expression, especially poetry, must be quite dense because I pay attention to words at an early age and have an uncanny ability of association and recall. But I am only a bit better than an average human in Language, as I've read that there are many people who know more than 20 languages and can switch back and forth in at least 5 languages effortlessly in a conversation. I only do so in 2 languages and haltingly in 2 others.
Wissai
3/17/2017
B. Take off your clothes, step into the pod and shut the top. And be really careful not to get any of the salt in your eyes.” Those were the instructions I was given recently just before I entered a sensory isolation tank in Seattle. Finally, I would have my chance to see what it would be like to be a brain in a jar.
Lying in a supersaturated solution of magnesium sulfate — better known as Epsom salts — cranked up to body temperature, I pulled the top down over me and pushed the button to extinguish the violet light illuminating the pod.
Cut off from the world of sensory stimuli, my brain had free rein to invent any experience it had up its sleeve. So I floated in pitch blackness and waited for a profound experience to wash over me. This is what adherents paid $89 a pop to feel. I’d heard it was better than meditation, yoga and drugs — perhaps because it promised nirvana without any effort or side effects.
But I felt nothing. After some time, I became acutely aware that I could not feel my body, which I suppose was the whole point of depriving the brain of any connection to the physical world. I started to slowly move my hands and legs to reassure myself they were still there. Check. I had a vivid image of my phantom body; I knew intellectually that it was present, but couldn’t detect it in the normal sense.
Just then, I made the error of letting my head drop too low in the salt broth and got some into my eyes. The sting was immediate and distinctly unpleasant. The brief period of nothingness had ended, and over the next few minutes, my mental state moved from curiosity to boredom to annoyance. I blinked and rubbed my eyes. My stomach rumbled. My brain was bombarded with all kinds of physical sensations. I was beginning to feel sympathy for pickled fish.
Instead of a transcendent excursion into an altered consciousness, sensory deprivation had hilariously underscored the primacy of my body; it was almost a purely physical experience from start to finish. It was like being at a meditation retreat with a runny nose. My brain was simply incapable of escaping the signals my body was sending it.
When the hour was up, I showered and came down to the receptionist to pay. There were three women there who were first-timers like me, and they all looked blissful. “How was it?” one of them dreamily asked me. Not wanting to be a downer, I replied that it was lovely and interesting. At least it was half true.
The experience made me wonder about a question that has never let go of me: Are you more than your brain? Hardly a week goes by, it seems, without an enthusiastic report in the popular media about intriguing neuroscience research linking some human behavior to the function of a particular brain circuit. So you might hear that the insula lights up when you’re sad, another region when you’re happy and still another when you’re enjoying a drink or an orgasm.
For some reason we love to hear our mental experiences described in the language of neuroscience, yet what does it actually add to our understanding of ourselves to learn that our brain shows activity when we think and feel one thing or another? By itself, not a lot, except to encourage the erroneous and simplistic idea that the brain is an independent sovereign, calling all the shots.
Of course, the brain gives rise to our mind, which then tries to understand and manipulate the very neural apparatus that brought it about. It gives me a headache just thinking about it. Some very smart neuroscientists and philosophers like to say that the very notion of mind is an illusion, a trick of the brain — something they have been carrying on about for rather a long time.
Don’t get me wrong. I’m a neuroscience junkie. But we are not just a brain in a jar; we are also bodies, and what we do with those bodies can influence the brain. You can easily alter your thinking and mood by manipulating your body: by, for example, injecting your forehead with Botox, shining light into your eye, exercising — or floating in an isolation tank.
In the end, whether or not we are more than our brain is less important and less interesting than the fact that our brain does not just give orders; it takes them, too. An isolation tank can turn the body weightless and invisible, but your brain knows better.
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Richard A. Friedman is a professor of clinical psychiatry and the director of the psychopharmacology clinic at the Weill Cornell Medical College, and a contributing opinion writer.
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